The paper needs to reflect doctoral writing Refer to the chart below for differences in quantitative and qualitative terminology.

Term

Quantitative

Qualitative

Definition

Used to collect information based on numerical evidence to analyze and draw conclusions on an issue

Used to gain increased understanding or insight into a problem often by gaining peoples opinions and perspectives

Rigor

Reliability and validity

Trustworthiness (credibility, dependability, confirmability, transferability)

Outcomes

Generalizability

Transferability

Sampling

Random, convenience

Purposeful

Research Question

Impact, change

Experiences, perceptions

Techniques

Questionnaires, surveys

Pilot studies

Interview guides

Field test

Approaches

Deductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning

Characteristics

Numerical (numbers)

Objective

Testing hypotheses and theories

Controlled settings

Large samples

Data is collected and then analyzed

Statistical analysis

Textual (words)

Subjective

Developing hypotheses and theories

Natural settings

Small samples

Data collection and analysis occurs together

Content analysis

Philosophical View

Positivists

Post-positivists

Interpretivist

Constructivist

Purpose

Determine cause and generalize

Determines the what

Understand and interpret

Determines how and why

Word Clues

Examine

Investigate

Analyze

Determine

Predict

Validate

Generalize

Impact

Hypothesis

Cause/Effect

Factors

Relationship

Explore

Understand

Discover

Perspective

Perceive

Opinion

Perception

Methods

Mathematical techniques

Statistical techniques

Focus groups

Interviews

Observation

Data

Numbers

Statistics

Graphs

Ideas

Interpretations

Text

Words

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